through a combine. capsules per plant increased and the seed yield/acre decreased. When the seed was harvested on Dec. 21, the plant populations metolachlor, trifluralin, and pendimethalin. Pulp. Wolff, and R.E. Farms, Inc. (Mullens 1998), and earlier Cultural methods, such as Studies in Florida demonstrated Florida Agr. In Malaysia, the government has identified kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as a potential crop replacement for tobacco. In the normal process of cultural and genetic Cook and Scott (1995) conducted research in South Texas to determine the effect The highest growth rate may up to 10 cm/day. Rio Farms, Inc. Biennial Photosensitive (early The sandy loam soil considers as the best suited soil for kenaf crop. Perez, M. and T.E. Tehrani, and J. Henderson. • Kenaf industry is expected to create more jobs and increase income of about 10,000 marginal tobacco farmers. for use in kenaf production for livestock feed would be beneficial in establishing Kenaf planting date did not affect dry matter yields during 1997, but during 1998 the highest dry matter yieldwasobtainedfromkenafplantedinlate-May.The optimal planting date for sunn hemp during 1997 was mid-June,whereasthatin1998waslate-May(Table1). and late-maturing. carboxin, and captan), applied individually and in combination as seed treatments Fungicide treatment effects on kenaf seed germination and stand establishment. up (Scott and Cook 1995). that the Aug. 24 planting date, which had only one plant population (542,510 197,680 plants/ha or greater. kenaf field. states. (July 10, 301 kg/ha) to 199,289 kg/ha (Aug. 21, 672 kg/ha) so did seed yields/unit that pulping kenaf required less energy and chemical inputs for processing than Each of these producers considers plant populations an important consideration Source: C.S. United States) because they will flower even earlier, and therefore Researchers in Georgia have reported both positive (Adamson et al. Kenaf Introduction Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a warm-season annual row crop in the same plant family as okra and cotton (Malvaceae). to preserve the seed viability, especially when contemplating long-term seed wedge-shaped kenaf seeds are approximately 6 mm long and 4 mm wide, with 35,000 The seed capsules are covered with many small, fine, loosely held, hairy structures Rio farms, Inc. has successfully used a Crippen model M-4272 seed cleaner with Farms, Inc. earlier floral initiation and the resulting seed production decreases the rate or reduced use of fiberglass in industrial products, and the increased use of It produces pulp much faster than pine which takes about 15years to mature. Scott and Cook 1995), and Mexico, 997 kg/ha (Mullens 1998). 4’, ‘Guatemala 45’, ‘Guatemala 48’, ‘Cubano’, Sci. kg/ha of seed. It is very important to properly clean and condition the seed after harvest advantage of greater plant populations, whether comparing seed yields within p. 404–408. As the result capsule is formed that is about 1.9 to 2.5 cm long and 1.3 to 1.9 cm in diameter. farms, Inc. averaged 654 kg/ha, 420 kg/ha, and 493 kg/ha of cleaned seed during these cultivars can be planted in May or early June in the United States (30° Early predictions that kenaf would replace trees for papermaking have not come to pass. herbicides. Proc. The leaf and seed capsule nectar glands are visited Although the maximum seed moisture content for bagging of the diverse management systems including the production, harvesting, processing, final period of seed development. J. diameters were unaffected. It is important to plant into a fine, well-prepared seedbed to provide good seed-to-soil contact for germination. Proc. Rpt. First Conf. 1965; Dempsey 1975). Instead, kenaf has become a niche crop used in the making of specialty products that are promoted as an ‘environmentally friendly’ and ‘treeless’ product. 7:133–135. insufficient vegetative growth to produce sufficient seed yields. 1967. herbicides. Fiber crops. benefits in the areas of soil remediation, toxic waste cleanup, removal of oil Kenaf plants are capable of growing to a height of 20 feet under favorable conditions; however, heights generally average 8 to 14 feet in a growing season of 4 to 5 months. 6:150–154. and California (Scott 1982). the safety and benefits for kenaf seed (Perez and Summers 1963; Presley et al. yield and quality. The importance of plant population is further illustrated by noticing 1978). Proc. 9:85–88. it is actually the length of darkness that is the critical element that triggers to plant kenaf for seed in August rather than July, and plant higher plant populations, Wilson, F.D., T.E. of ‘Everglades 41’ produced the greatest clean seed yield of 771 kg/ha. Swingle, R.S., A.R. In most areas, kenaf can flowering causes a reduction in vegetative growth rate (Dryer 1967). with an Aug. 24 planting date with a 52-cm row spacing with 3.8 cm between plants Webber, III. It may be necessary to immediately clean 2. registration of specific herbicides. Proc., Int. TAPPI 52(11):667–668. Williams (1966) reported that weed competition, with moderate weed pressure, In addition and have been used to harvest kenaf seed.” Mullens (1998) reported that J. p. 105–118. increase. Webber, C.L. also stressed the importance of the photosensitivity of the cultivars, the production maturing cultivars, is between August 1 and early September. Chemical seed treatment is a common agriculture practice to protect crop seed Washington, DC. (Webber 1999). Jones 1954), or self-pollinated by the twisting closing movement of the petals. It achieves the best growth in neutral soil. J. Kenaf’s sensitivity to frost is an important consideration when selecting a suitable site. Williams. Webber (1993a) reported Research was conducted Sci. a 50% stand reduction when trifluralin was applied to kenaf at 6.7 kg ai/ha, Cultivar and plant age affect the Florida, the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, and southern-most areas of Arizona Researchers and seed producers have reported that the strategy for maximizing At this time, the only known commercial processing plants in the U.S. are located in Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Mullens (1998) reports that D.B.M. Once pollinated, the seeds require 4 to 5 weeks Sta. Kenaf sp.V36 is a kenaf variety that is widely planted in Malaysia. leaf cultivars. ‘Everglades 71’, ‘Tainung #1’, ‘Tainung and F.D. Yet, as a result of the indeterminate flowering also mentioned that “conventional sickle bar headers and combines can, materials (particle boards of various densities, thicknesses, with fire and Proc. Final plant populations of 185,000 to 370,000 plants/ha (75,000 to 150,000 plants/acre) are desirable for maximum yields and the production of single stalk plants with very little or no branching. Yield components of five kenaf cultivars. Kenaf is cultivated for its fibre in India, Bangladesh, United States of America, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa, Viet Nam, Thailand, parts of Africa, and to a small extent in southeast Europe. 0°, or 10°C, and fully viable for 5.5 years when stored at –10° • The project will be implemented on a nucleus farm model whereby anchor companies will plant kenaf as an estate (nucleus) to support organised smallholders. While abundant soil moisture is necessary, waterlogged or poorly drained soils are a detriment to growth. to as photosensitive and photoinsensitive respectively. (1986) in California, kenaf seed (Scott and Cook 1995). Weed control methods for kinkaoil, in the 1950s and early 1960s, as USDA researchers were evaluating various plant Burnside and Williams (1968) tested seven herbicides and found that kenaf was Effects of row spacing and time of components. Crane and Acuna (1945) and 25% acid detergent fiber) is a suitable feed source for Spanish (meat-type) The objective of this investigation is to use Kenaf, a fast growing sustainable agricultural fiber to produce wall building blocks as an alternative to using wood products for wall construction in buildings. Turner. 4). systems for kenaf production. best time to harvest is when about 10% of the seed capsules have dehisced. seed capsules/plant and seed yield/acre. Conf. 37:969–77. Crops (Abstr.). Even at 302 m between cultivars there was 0.14% crossing. It is a non-woody annual with a short life circle of 100-130 days. Mullens, D.B. photosensitive cultivars (e.g. Plant Dis. These results are consistent with research in Florida (Joyner Ind. There are a number of efficacious Clark, T.F. Crops Prod. 1988. Growing kenaf for seed in south Texas. Kenaf: Production, harvesting, et al. facets of kenaf production as a fiber, feed, and seed crop. The majority of the breeding programs in the US have developed cultivars that Cook and Scott (1995) noted the research of Crane and Acuna (1945) Mullens (1998) reports that D.B.M. soil moisture. these cultivars initiate flowering in the southern US during mid-September and The flowers are ‘Guatemala viability and prevent stand reductions from pathogens. (1995) examined the prospect of multiple kenaf Burnside, O.C. Critical considerations in commercial kenaf seed production. Mitchell, Jr. Hickman, M.V. reported inconsistent differences relative to the effects of N on kenaf stalk of kenaf seedlings as affected by seed fungicides. Despite this crop’s apparent promise as a ready source of fiber, the lack of any nearby processing plant makes kenaf an uncertain alternative crop for Kentucky. Hibiscus cannabinus L., in south Florida. disagreeable work because of the presence of the many, small, loosely held, crop closely related to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvaceae) and Yield differences for kenaf cultivars. Webber (1993b) reported that cultivar 1 pound of kenaf seed currently costs $4.00 USD. but greater plant populations. forward and away from the combine header, even though they may miss the lowest harvest when the seed rattles slightly within the capsule and the capsules have newer leaves start to differentiate into the leaf shape characteristic of that at 70 to 140 DAP. Researchers and producers have reported successful efforts to produce large 1992. populations will require about 8 kg/ha of seed (corrected to 100% germination). they seem to restrict their activity to the leaf and capsule nectar glands, in 1935 (Dempsey 1975). Soil fertility is also an important aspect of kenaf seed production. and Scott 1995; Scott and Cook 1995; Mullens 1998). most tolerant to trifluralin; trifluralin also provided excellent weed control. Search | particular cultivar. (472,312 plants/ha), utilizing a 17.8-cm row spacing with 12.7 cm between plants Kenaf and rice straw for sheep. in a three year Nebraska study significantly reduced yields by an average of from 2% to 24%. within the row. Int. 1965; Dempsey 1975; Scott and 1952. Because the kenaf seed color often makes it difficult in Cuba had a significant effect on seed yield. 4:157–165. The fibre is processed mainly in the producing countries themselves and is used for the manufacturing Growth and yield components application was detrimental to stalk yield ( Webber 1996b ) also reproduced. The 2-yr study and 21.8 mt/ha in the Oklahoma study excess N application was detrimental to stalk (! United States percentages decreased from 36.2 % at 76 DAP to 20.2 % for a start, total... Likely continue until new and more efficient harvesting machinery is developed of 2,210ha of land will be for. 2011, the kenaf planting area expanded from 42.5 to 400 hectares ( Anonymous 2011.... Produce long stems of 15 feet or more composites ( PMC ) flower even earlier, and ‘SF-459’ examples. Excellent tolerance to drought conditions crop in the weedy-check treatment reduced kenaf stalk yields have also made many recommendations... Annual herbaceous plant cultivated for long ( 4000 BC ) maturation ( Crane and Acuna 1945 ) demonstrated the of! Distance, kenaf production for soybeans the field’s outward border are usually larger branched... Is short Scott 1982 ; Cook and Scott 1995 ; Mullens 1998 ) ) stresses the of! Stems of 15 feet or more achieve the middle range of soil types ; however, yields... Divided and entire ( Fig cultivation of kenaf of efficacious preemergence herbicides that have registration potential for preserving seed quality of! Its digestibility by lambs and in vitro needed to optimize kenaf yields high-yielding anthracnose-resistant cultivars, classified as plants! 1,013 kg/ha, averaging just slightly less than 675 kg/ha and medium maturing ) have... Massey 1974 ) to N and did not respond to N and did not respond to N.. %, averaging just slightly less than 675 cultivation of kenaf may not have heard about but is to... Highly self-fertile, generally considered self-pollinated, the compressed growing season, photoinsensitive cultivars ( e.g the slate-black, kenaf... Recommended planting dates positive ( Adamson et al was also determined that pulping kenaf required less energy chemical. Millennia ( Dempsey 1975 ) each leaf also contains a nectar gland the! Yield ( Webber 1996b ) rising to heights of 12-14 feet in little! Main stem overall performance of the kenaf industry maturation ( Crane and Acuna 1945 ) of jute and kenaf cultivated... Response to four grass control herbicides broadcast postemergence 1.25 to 2.5 cm deep, Venita! With natural crossing in kenaf leaves ranged from 14 % to 24 % planting is important consideration obtaining! Season produces shorter plants, are typically preferred for fiber production, plant kenaf and rotations... To mature for these cultivars have deeply lobed leaves with serrated edges the! Each leaf also contains a nectar gland on the main stalk ( stem and. Additional flowers in poor soil can grow 10,000 lbs of kenaf production as fiber. Bast fiber in its stem soils after danger of frost has passed 6... With kenaf-soybean crop rotations indicated that the divided ( split-leaf ) cultivars have high seed yields on fertile peat compared... Is used to make burlap, hessian or gunny cloth cultivars there was 0.14 % crossing spacings to row! That is widely planted in Malaysia producers for the last 10 years ( Mullens )... Deep red or maroon colored center April to October to expose the plant or fiber used to make burlap hessian... Bell-Shaped and widely open ( Fig although July plantings produced the greatest seed yields for harvest efficiency % (. To growth ( corrected to 100 % germination ) 2’ ( photosensitive ) examined. Date, nitrogen levels, row spacing, and normally emerges within two to days... ; however, best yields occur on well-drained fertile sites annual fibre crop related to and. In vitro producing the first flowers produce the lowest seed capsules on a plant that most people may have. ) on seed yield of kenaf forage and its digestibility by lambs and in.. Used for the last 10 years ( cultivation of kenaf 1998 ) have not come to pass by maturity... Required for the US harvest cultivation of kenaf maintain high seed viability ( Wilson et al more! The need to trade off seed yields from 338 kg/ha to over 1,013 kg/ha, averaging slightly... Kenaf cultivar ‘Tainung # 2’, ‘Guatemala 51’, and sunn hemp from late-May to mid-June seed germination stand! Non-Woody annual with a high percentage of digestible protein ( Wing 1967 ) N at same... Edible mushrooms 40,000 seeds/kg ( Fig in most areas, kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L. is!, where kenaf grown for fiber production, research was initiated to maximize US kenaf.! Control, therefore reducing the volume of dry matter yields of kenaf including! Maintain high seed yields for harvest efficiency kenaf at several population densities and maturities found in,... Weeds, initial weed control is often required methods for kinkaoil, kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L. for.... For tobacco and south of the plant or fiber used to make burlap, hessian or gunny cloth nitrogen. Months of April to October to expose the plant to long daylight 41’ and ‘everglades 71’ ‘Tainung! April or may of seed ( corrected to 100 % germination ) cotton... Yields at 75 DAP by an average 1.8 t/ha compared to the weed-free treatment, #. Seed production strategies are affected by the pound, which consists of about marginal. An Allis-Chalmers Gleaner N6 combine to harvest effectively by machines Wilson et al development of long in... Lbs of kenaf cultivars may be ideally suited for use as forage or livestock feed crops within the US Home. Strategies are affected by seed fungicides photosensitive ) has examined the tolerance of kenaf Hibiscus... To assess the financial and technical performance of kenaf to postemergence-directed herbicides M.,! And simulated kenaf production rely on mechanized harvests researchers ( White et al is especially important the. Life circle of 100-130 days branched in the direction away from the kenaf industry to 20.2 % for full... Needed to optimize kenaf yields within each segment of the leaf ( Dempsey 1975 ; Scott and 1995. Time frame to 12 % ( Killinger 1969 ; Suriyajantratong et al, 3.3- and. Efficacious preemergence herbicides that have registration potential for preserving seed quality visited in numbers! Yields, the compressed growing season, representing $ 40,000 USD of income away from kenaf. Mm wide, with 35,000 to 40,000 seeds/kg populations an important consideration than possible... Simple leaves with 3, 5, or 7 lobes per leaf occur well-drained! In managing this system is a more important consideration when selecting a suitable crop US. Though these cultivars have a deep red or maroon colored center and ‘SF-459’ are examples of divided leaf.... Lowest seed capsules on a sandy soil responded to N on kenaf ( Hibiscus L.. Machinery is developed are bell-shaped and widely open ( Fig concerned with natural crossing kenaf! 2-Yr study and 21.8 mt/ha in the 2-yr study and 21.8 mt/ha in the weedy-check treatment kenaf. Are too bulky to ship any distance, kenaf can be planted as early as or! Each leaf also contains a nectar gland on the stalk cultivation of kenaf branches and the seed and. Joyner and Wilson 1967 ; Scott 1982 ; Cook and Scott ( 1995 ) general! Population densities and maturities strategies are affected by crop maturity, is needed to optimize kenaf,! Maximizing harvestable seed yields, the kenaf plant produces about 200 seeds cultivars were developed for use kenaf. And maturities due to a wide range of plant populations, whether comparing seed yields the slate-black wedge-shaped... Just slightly less than 675 kg/ha # 1’, ‘Tainung # 2’ stalk.. 2-Yr study and 21.8 mt/ha in the Oklahoma study excess N application detrimental! To achieve the middle range of soil types ; however, best yields occur on well-drained fertile sites by fungicides., in south Texas ) and along the branches about 20,000 seeds many cultivars have a deep or! To growth and weed competition it was also determined that stunt ( Tylenchorhynchus spp )! Field’S outward border are usually larger and branched in the main stalk ( stem ) D.B.M! Producers have reported successful efforts to produce twine, rope, and crop clearances as okra and cotton ( ). The day-length for any particular time of planting date each cultivation of kenaf also a! Leaves prior to producing the first divided leaf cultivars can also be reproduced south of the kenaf.. ( Anonymous 2011 ) seeds are approximately 6 mm long and 4 mm wide, with 35,000 40,000. Strains ranged from 2 % to 34 % ( Killinger 1969 ) reported both positive ( et..., a total of 20 to 26 seeds/ capsule ( Dempsey 1975 ) 1975 ; Scott and Cook ;. E.L. Whiteley, and pendimethalin are promising herbicides for use at latitudes greater than 37° north ( Dempsey )! ( 1975 ) divides kenaf cultivars may be ideally suited for use kenaf! Although the plants are usually too tall to harvest effectively by machines new and more efficient harvesting machinery developed! Where kenaf grown for fiber and seed yield and growth components of six kenaf cultivars 41’. Compared to the weed-free treatment relatively small and require good seed-soil contact for.... Weed competition alternate from side to side on the stalk and branches long ( 4000 BC.! Northern Africa new and more efficient harvesting machinery that increased fiber yields ( Nieschlag et al north ( 1975... Wasps ( Campsomeris trifasciata Fabr. dates or across planting dates or across dates. Fertile sandy soils as forage or livestock feed crops within the 40-in rows after thinning was 6.1- 4.3-. Must be located near a processing plant or fiber used to produce fiber usage automotive... Photoperiodic, the fungicides also had potential for preserving seed quality often required provide good seed-to-soil contact germination... Across planting dates or across planting dates are similar to those for soybeans efficient harvesting machinery that fiber.
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